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In February 1917 600 black South African soldiers who were fighting for Britain died after their ship, the SS Mendi, sunk. Now author Fred Khumalo has brought the incident to light in a new book
THIS IS a story which the Chosen Ancestors did not want to be spoken about in the mansion of history. This is the story about the sinking of the SS Mendi.
But what, you ask, is this SS Mendi? Let’s attend to that gap in history: the First World War broke out in 1914. By 1916 it had reached a stalemate. Germany’s ambitious offensive of 1914 had over-run Belgium and run deep into France.
However it had been neutralized by the Allies in Flanders, and on the Marne. German trenches and fortifications and outposts ran some 450 miles from the coast of Belgium to the borders of Switzerland.
FOR KING AND COUNTRY: King George V inspects the South African Native Labour Corps, a specially created battalion, during World War 1
Combined French and British responses to the German onslaught melted like snowflakes under a strong sun. The Allies were desperate for more manpower.
Thus the Imperial Government sent out a clarion call to its subjects in all colonies. It should serve the reader well to remember that this country now called the Republic of South Africa did not exist then. We were still the Union of South Africa, subjects of King George V.
When the call reached South African shores, many black men stood up and said they were ready to serve. But white South Africans suddenly complained that arming blacks to fight against whites – under whatever circumstances – was repugnant and would set a bad precedent.
TRAGEDY: Over 600 black South African died when the SS Mendi sank in February 1917
There was a growing fear that this would break down what was then called the “colour bar”. The recruitment of people of colour would embolden the black man to demand true equality with the white man in South Africa once the war was over. A thought too ghastly to contemplate.
It was then agreed that the blacks would not be armed. They would be part of a labour contingent supplying services such as: wood-collecting, water-carrying, laundry, loading and cleaning of mechanical transport, camp sanitation and cleaning.
Thus was the South African Native Labour Contingent born. Altogether, the contingent recruited 20, 000 black men. That’s right; that figure is correct.
Now, our story, the tale contained between the covers of my book, concerns itself with the Fifth Battalion of this newly-formed Labour Contingent. The battalion set sail from Cape Town in 16 January 1917, on a ship called the SS Mendi.
The ship travelled uneventfully until it reached Plymouth in Britain on 20 February. The ship offloaded some valuable goods in Britain –including gold bullion extracted from South Africa brought to England to finance the war effort, then embarked on the last leg of its journey, destined for France.
There were 823 men on board. In the early hours of 21 February, off the coast of the Isle of Wight in the English Channel, the SS Mendi was struck and cut almost in half by the SS Darro, an empty meat ship on its way to Argentina. 616 South African men (607 of them black troops) plus 30 British crew members perished.
REMEMBRANCE: The Mendi memorial at Atteridgeville, Pretoria, South Africa
The men on the ship came from a wide range of social backgrounds – some of them were peasants, yet others were traditional chiefs, men of the cloth, and educated men, graduates of the famous Lovedale College, which would produce the likes of Nelson Mandela and other illustrious African leaders.
Many of them died on impact, while others were trapped below decks. Some of them, however, clung to the listing deck of their ship and were later saved by lifeboats from HMS Brisk, which had been sailing in convoy with the Mendi.
According to oral history, as the ship was sinking, their chaplain Reverend Isaac Wauchope Dyobha ordered them to stand in formation as they had been taught on joining the army.
He raised his arms aloft and cried out in a loud voice:
"Be quiet and calm, my countrymen. What is happening now is what you came to do...you are going to die, but that is what you came to do. Brothers, we are drilling the death drill. I, a Xhosa, say you are my brothers…. Swazis, Pondos, Basotho so let us die like brothers. We are the sons of Africa. Raise your war-cries, brothers, for though they made us leave our assegais in the kraal. Our voices are left with our bodies."
And so the men stamped their feet on the floor as they twisted and gyrated in a macabre Death Dance as was christened by oral historians.
COURAGE: Reverend Isaac Dyobha issued a rallying cry to soldiers as the SS Mendi began to sink
It was this moment in particular that inspired me to want to revisit this story, to celebrate the valour of these unsung heroes.
Using poetic licence in this novel of mine, I probe the question of motive: why would black men, out of their own volition, go and fight in a war that was not theirs?
My new novel Dancing the Death Drill tells the story from the perspective of one of the survivors. Though the main protagonist is a fictional creation, in real life there were indeed survivors, as we have seen.
The book tracks the life of the protagonist who, after the war, stays on in France and gets married to a French woman.
The book does not pretend to be a straight-ahead historical text. I use the Mendi as a springboard from which I launch a conversation on the subject of black men serving in wars that were not theirs. Artistic expression begins when we ask questions; when we scratch the surface; when we pull down the façade and find human beings behind it.
When we insist on engaging Roy’s ancestors in debate, thus ensuring that the men of the Mendi are not reduced to numbers, to statistics; that their humanity is celebrated. That is the work of the artist as an activist.
While the book challenges the orthodoxy on many fronts, it also seeks to celebrate the ordinariness of these extraordinary men of the SS Mendi. I wanted the book to be an evocation of life before and after the First World War. As novelists, when we tell story, even if the primary objective is to entertain, we’re always nibbling at the edges of bigger truths about human existence. We are always asking questions.
This is truer of this book as it is inspired by, though not limited to, real historical events.
AUTHOR: Fred Khumalo
During my visit to the war graves in France, I was amazed and saddened that even in death, the South African soldiers who served in France were racially segregated: the white soldiers are buried in one part of town, while their black compatriots have been allocated space at another location some 10 kilometres away.
As we celebrate the centenary of the sinking of the SS Mendi, it is only proper that we pick up this story and use it as a candle that lights the table around which all our ancestors are gathered, inside the all-inclusive mansion called history. Let us talk about who we are, where we’ve been, where we want to go.
* Dancing the Death Drill, now available at bookstores, is published by Jacaranda Books in the UK and Umuzi Random House in South Africa. It’s also available as Kindle book. Fred Khumalo is a South African journalist and award-winning author of such books as Bitches’ Brew, Touch My Blood, #ZuptasMustFall and Other Rants, among others.
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